How quickly all the humanist ideals came to grief! In September 1792 began the massacre in which some thirteen hundred prisoners were killed... Before it was all over, the government and its agents killed forty thousand people, many of them peasants. Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), the revolutionary leader, was himself executed in July 1794. This destruction came not from outside the system; it was produced by the system. As in the later Russian Revolution, the revolutionaries on their humanist base had only two options--anarchy or repression.How Should We Then Live?, 135
In 1791 fifteen hundred English Catholics signed a statement denying that papal infallibility was a dogma of the Roman Catholic Church. However, the opposition of the Gallicans was gradually overcome, and in 1870 the Vatican Council declared that 'the Roman Pontiff... enjoys fully that infallibility which the divine Redeemer wished his Church to have in defining doctrine touching faith and morals... consequently such definitions of the Roman Pontiff are of themselves unchangeable and are not to be changed through the approval of the Church.' The History of Christian Doctrines (239-240)